Foul-smelling persistent vaginal discharge, any abnormal bleeding like postcoital bleeding, intermenstrual bleeding, or postmenopausal bleeding are the most common symptoms of cervical cancer.
HPV (Human Papilloma Virus) infection is responsible for 80-90% of cervical cancer cases worldwide.
Patients with multiple sexual partners, early age at first coitus, early childbirth, a husband with multiple sexual partners, or sexually transmitted diseases are more prone to HPV infection and later cervical cancer.
Yes, it can be prevented by regular screening of married women and by vaccinating girls before starting sexual activity.
Screening can detect the precancer stage of cervical cancer. With different treatment methods, precancer can be cured, stopping it from developing into cancer.
PAPS smear, LBC (cytology tests), HPV DNA testing, VIA, VILI, and colposcopy are the primary screening methods.
No, genetics does not play a role in cervical cancer.
Surgery (radical hysterectomy with B/L pelvic lymphadenectomy) is the preferred treatment for early-stage cervical cancer. Advanced stages often require radiotherapy combined with chemotherapy.
If treated in the early stage, recurrence is rare. However, in advanced stages, the risk of recurrence is higher.
Endometrial Cancer Information
Abnormal vaginal bleeding like heavy menstrual bleeding or postmenopausal bleeding are the most common early symptoms.
Patients who are obese, hypertensive, or diabetic, and those with:
History of polycystic ovaries
Postmenopausal patients on long-term estrogen therapy
Breast cancer patients on hormonal therapy
Family history of ovarian, breast, endometrial, or colon cancer
Yes, 5-10% of cases of carcinoma endometrium are familial. These cases have genetic mutations predisposing to endometrial, colon, ovarian, and breast cancers.
Yes, unopposed estrogen therapy without progesterone therapy can increase the risk of endometrial cancer.
Do not neglect abnormal vaginal bleeding in perimenopausal age groups.
Avoid blind hormone therapy without D&C and biopsy report in cases of abnormal bleeding.
Annual ultrasonography after the age of 40 years for patients with a family history of endometrial, colon, breast, or ovarian cancer.
Surgery is the treatment of choice in early-stage endometrial cancer. Post-operative management such as observation, adjuvant radiotherapy, or chemotherapy is determined based on the final histopathology report. In advanced stages, only chemotherapy may be administered.
Yes, regular follow-ups are essential as there is always a chance of recurrence. Patients need checkups:
Once every 3 months for the first 2 years
Once every 6 months for the next 3 years
Annually for life thereafter
Ovarian Cancer Information
In early stages, there are usually no symptoms or vague complaints like abdominal fullness, heaviness, bloating after eating food, or loss of appetite.
In late stages, symptoms may include abdominal distension, urinary complaints, or altered bowel habits.
Sometimes, ovarian tumors are an accidental finding on ultrasound.
Females with:
Family history of ovarian and breast cancer
Early menarche or late menopause
Unmarried status or no children
Late childbirth or multiple infertility treatments with ovulation induction drugs
Use of oral contraceptives for 5 years reduces the risk of ovarian cancer by 50%.
Pregnancy and childbirth also reduce the risk of ovarian cancer.
Females with a family history of ovarian and breast cancer are at risk of having genetic mutations (BRCA1 and BRCA2) responsible for these cancers.
Symptoms are vague, and ovarian cancer is usually diagnosed in advanced stages.
Regular screening with annual ultrasound of the abdomen after age 40 in the general population and 10 years before the age of the earliest case in the family (in cases of family history or BRCA gene mutation positivity) helps in early detection.
However, there is no single specific test to screen ovarian cancer.
Some patients with BRCA mutations are at risk of both ovarian and breast cancers.
Treatment involves a combination of surgery and chemotherapy.
In early stages, surgery is performed and may be followed by chemotherapy.
In advanced stages, both methods are used, depending on the patient's general condition to tolerate treatment.
Yes, ovarian cancer can occur in young girls. The most common type in this age group is germ cell tumors of the ovary.
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